Capital Punishment - Pro and Contra Research Paper

Capital Punishment - Pro and Contra - Research Paper Example Capital punishment is of very old origin. The word capital is derived from the old Latin word ‘caput’, meaning head. Capital punishment, therefore, refers to beheading or decapitation as a method of execution. Today, the term ‘death penalty’ is used interchangeably with the term capital punishment. Capital punishment originated in England, it was then transported to colonies in America during the 17th and 18th centuries. The English legal system considerably relied on capital punishment; this was partly because imprisonment of people for different periods of time was not developed until the late 18th century. For about four centuries, capital punishment has been practiced in America has been a basic part of its history. The first execution in the United States took place in James town in 1608. Latzer and McCord point out that it has accounted for â€Å"at best estimate, about 20,000 executions† (2011, p.1).   However, the method of execution has undergone remarkable changes over time. In the 17th and 18th century America, men, women, and children would attend a public and solemn occasion where death was imposed by hanging. Execution in public was aimed at frightening members of the public in order to avoid crime, administering justice to the accused, and giving the convicted a chance to repent and gain salvation after death. Hymn singing, sermons, and a speech by the condemned accompanied hanging. During the 17th and 18th century, the number of capital crimes was very big. However, there was a great deal of leniency although most trials took less than a day and appeals were not permitted until the 19th century. A benefit of clergy was sometimes granted to the accused resulting in the pardon of certain death sentences. State governors sometimes granted executive clemency to the accused. For example, in New York City, over half of the condemned were granted clemency. According to Latzer and McCord (2011) â€Å"there were even ‘mock hangings’ to empathetically deliver the message, but spare the life of the offender† (p.2).

Course review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Course review - Essay Example However, the antisocial and terrorist groups and agencies play a certain monopoly whereby the solution is only in their grasp, and the victim is left completely defenseless. This is another nature of the manmade terrorist threats; they are targeted, so that a certain section of the population is at risk while the rest are safe or completely unaware of the posing danger (Covey). This makes the threat more dangerous and criminal. With the advancement in technology and the evolution of ideas, the nature of threats has also changed and modified, becoming more sophisticated and complex, and more targeted. The scope of these threats is also becoming more global, and surprisingly, more virtual or transparent, so that they are now very difficult to spot and equally difficult to defend against (Cyber Threats of the Future). The type of threat that society faces at a certain point in time depends upon the framework of that society, and the technical and educational advancement of that era. Whe reas there was, not long ago, a very imminent threat of nuclear warfare, and to some extent, still is, it has become more controlled now due to international treatises and the ownership of nuclear technology by many countries worldwide, so that it is no longer an exclusive technology (Covey). The defenses and the weapons have also been modified in lieu of the changes in the offense. Where there were once wars against entire countries and nations, such as the world wars I and II, more recently, the perpetrators are merely a few individuals who organize crime through the use of agencies and networks. Hence, in modern times, the targets are individuals and small organizations. This is due to the concept of organized crime in the recent times (Hoffman). The future threats and the defense against them would be, in the most likelihood, more technological and virtual than physical, and of a nature that few would have thought of or considered a serious threat. Many of these dangers still se em a work of science fiction films and novels, and the masses still refuse to accept them as viable and potent threats. However, there is growing evidence and attitude toward the application and employment of those technologies in a negative and anti-social manner for highly targeted and suspiring attacks and warfare. This paper purports to discus three of such threats: the cyber threats, artificial intelligence, and biomedical threats. The advent of the Internet has radically changed the nature of the global community, in terms of its reach, connectivity, and the speed of transfer of information and data (Cyber Threats of the Future). The world has literally been connected together through wireless and optical technology, shifting the paradigms of social interactions, educational and academic systems, government workings, military and defense mechanisms, private and public sector, and the corporate world (Cyber Threats of the Future). The technology has touched users on individual and personal levels, while the degree of customization and user-friendly interfaces are improving and increasing everyday (Cyber Threats of the Future). There is now more and more centralized collection and storage of sensitive and personal data, which in itself has become

Case Study Of Psychosomatic Pain Nasrin Nursing Essay

Case Study Of Psychosomatic Pain Nasrin Nursing Essay It is a case of psychosomatic pain disorder in which a twenty seven year old lady named Nasrin is suffering from lower abdomen pain. Recently she had hysterectomy due to heavy periods and regular severe uterine pain. But after six months of her surgery she still feeling pain in her lower abdomen and she have no improvement in pain after six months of her surgery. Her gynecologist confident her that everything was normal but she was not satisfied with this statement. She visits many specialists but found no relief. She felt sharp pain everyday from few minutes to hours. In recent times she felt chest pain and thought she is having heart attack. But after her checkup in emergency the physician recommended that it might be anxiety. She felt insulted .Her GP influenced her to go to psychologist. GP clarified her that at times even emotions causes difficulties in medical problems Clients problems and Diagnosis: Nasrin went to consultant and told her problems. She explained that she has severe low backache and her pain is presently radiating both legs. Pain is very sharp and brought herself to tears. Pain occurs every day at different time intervals. She has lack of motivation and interest. She didnt sleep properly in night. She felt insulted when GP told her that these are only the signs of anxiety and tell her to see a psychologist. She avoids to meet anyone and seen herself failure and weak. By studying the whole case the case is diagnosed with the help of DSM IV checklist and it is diagnosed as a case of pain disorder associated with psychological factors. The client has following features: Her main problem was significant pain from long time. There are many psychological factors which play main role in the beginning, severity, exacerbation or preservation of pain. As pain felt everyday at different times and intervals. Pain is very sharp that brings Nasrin to tears. The symptoms are not purposely produced by the patient. Background: Patient Nasrin is the youngest one in her family. Since puberty she has not good health. She was having severe recurrent headaches but those headaches were not diagnosed as the attacks of migraine. When she was twelve years old her grandmother died. She was suffered with the symptoms of after stroke for four years before her death. After the death of her grandmother her mom showed sympathy towards her and whenever she felt those headaches she told her lie down. Her mother gave cold compression to her head. Mostly she felt chest pain during the stress period of exams. She got married at the age of twenty one and she left her study because of her severe headaches. She always tried to become an ideal companion. Her husband Alfred was also caring but due to her continuous appointments with doctors and their expenses he started criticizing her. Her husband left her after two years of her marriage. She was heartbroken at that time then she started work for supporting herself but soon she l ost her job due to her health problems. Because of her continuous visits to doctors she was absent from work many times and this was the reason for her job lost. After that she joined her parents and moved to their house. Case formulation: For formulating the case, first of all the consultant assesses and socializes into cognitive therapy. CBT is the therapy of choice in various mental health problems. CBT promote patient to talk about himself in a way that how the patient think about himself, the surrounding world and the other persons surrounding him. What are the things affects patients thoughts and feelings. By knowing all these things CBT helps in patients thinking (Cognitive) and what he do (behaviour) and this can help patient to feel better regarding his life. After that assessed the detailed description of the problem of client and in this case it is recurrent lower abdominal pain. Assess the predisposing factors and in Nasrin case these are recurrent headache and chest pain during stress like in exams etc. The precipitating factors were her grandmothers death and separation from her husband soon after her marriage and the maintaining factor is long term complaint of lower abdomen pain. Then ABC analysis of pr oblem was done by the consultant. Diagnose historical context of the problem, its assumptions and core beliefs. After that constructed a treatment and management plan .Afterwards socializing the client towards the self task. When client came to consultant initially in first session he/she should tell the client about the confidentially of their conversation for gaining faith of client, tells the cognitive therapy and regarding the estimated time of the therapy. CBT sessions are depends upon the patients problems and objectives. Generally with CBT results are better realized when sessions are between 6-20 and varies from 40 minutes to one hour each session. Every session is generally has a gap of one week or fifteen days. CBT cannot remove the patients problems but it can help to handle them in an optimistic way. Therapist helps patient to find ways by changing your thoughts and behaviour so that the patient cope with the problems in better way. (Sheldon, 2011). Consultant assesses the details of the problem as in this case Nasrin has a problem of severe lower abdomen pain. She suffers from this pain from a long time. She has heavy menstrual bleeding and severe lower abdominal pain. Her gynecologist was n ot agreeing to do surgery for this pain but Nasrins frequent visits and continuous pain problem agreed her to do surgery. Because of this continuous and sharp pain she influenced her surgeon and had hysterectomy in her young age. After six months of her surgery she felt no improvement in her pain. She visited to many specialists for finding the cause of her pain problem. But nothing was found by any specialist. Recently she felt chest pain and thought that she was having heart attack. But physician told her she is normal and this all was because of anxiety. She felt insulted with this comment. At last her GP influenced her to consult a clinical psychologist and clarify her that at times emotions made worse to medical problems. GP explained her that psychological assessments will better treat her condition. ABC analysis of Nasrin case: In this case A- activating events are the hysterectomy of client which was done at young age. Nasrin is separated from her husband and stay with her parents. B-Her rational thoughts and beliefs are that she is having severe pain in her lower abdomen. She also felt chest pain. She thoughts that she is pathetic for being like this .C- Consequences regarding the emotions she is nervous, irritated, shame and hurt also. In her behaviour she is always sad, there were crying episodes as sometimes the pain bring her to tears and she feels isolated also. After assessing Nasrin problem consultant gave her a questionnaire to do at her home .It is a questionnaire based on Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A). The main reason for giving this questionnaire to know the severity of symptoms of anxiety in patient. This scale contains 14 items and each of these items distinct by a number of symptoms. This scale calculates both psychic and somatic anxiety. Each item is scaled on 0-4 in which 0 means not present and 4 means severe. Total score range is 0-56 and if a person scores less than 17 it shows less severity and 18-24 means mild to moderate severity 25-30 means moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety ( Guy,1976,Hamilton, 1959). In her next visit Nasrin has to bring that filled questionnaire and consultant assessed those answers. In the next session consultant go through that filled questionnaire and identifies and clarified Nasrin problems by DSM IV checklist. The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is the usual classification regarding mental disorders and is used by mental health professionals in America. This has five axis in which Axis I covers clinical disorders, Axis II includes personality disorders and mental retardation. Axis III includes general medical conditions, Axis IV psychosocial and environmental conditions and Axis IV global assessment of functioning scale (American psychiatric association, 2000). Consultant assesses and found that she has a problem of pain disorder associated with psychological factors. Consultant took a detailed historical background in this visit. When consultant asked Nasrin about her background she told him that she was the youngest in her brother sisters. She has poor health since teenage. She has recurrent headaches from puberty but those head aches were not fit into migraine attacks and her grandmother died when she was 12 and her mother shows sympathy towards her after her grandmothers death. She has chest pain during stress. She was married when she was only 21 years old and left her university study because of her severe headache problem. Her husband left her after two years of her marriage. The reason for her separation was the high expenses due to frequent visits to doctors for her complaint of lower abdomen pain. After her separation she started work as personal assistant for supporting her. She lost her job soon because of continuous absent from her job due to her health problems. After that she shifted to her parents place and stay with them. Consultant listen all the background and gave Nasrin a homework task to maintain a daily pain dairy. In which she has to write at what time she has the pain as the pain starts in morning, afternoon or evening. Where is the pain in the scale of 0-10, in which 0 means no pain, 5 means moderate pain and 10 means worst possible pain. She has to write in dairy that what she was doing when the pain started. Did she take any medicine and what was the dose of that medicine? What were the other treatments she used? After one hour what the pain rate was in the rating scale like is it relived or gone worse. What are the other problems she faces? She has to maintain this daily pain dairy (AGS Foundation for Health in Aging, 2006) for one week till her next visit and bring it with her in her next visit. In her next visit the consultant gone through her daily pain dairy and identify her problem. Consultant done a counseling session about her hobbies and her likes and dislikes with her and in that conversation she told that she was previously used to write a personal dairy daily. But due to her health problems she didnt do this now. By knowing this entire, consultant asked her that why not she again start writing a book on her life and choose this as a smart goal for her. But she said that she is not able to do all this because of her health problems then consultant told her to just give this a try. In smart goal it is specific for Nasrin to write a book on her life story. This is measureable as the book will have 150 pages and her progress would be measured monthly. It will be an attainable goal as if she complete twelve and half pages in a month then she would have 150 pages by the deadline. This smart goal is realistic also as at times it will be difficult for Nasrin to get her tho ughts on paper, so she give herself enough time to complete her book. For time she has to finish this book in twelve months that means twelve and half pages in a month and150 pages in a year. So consultant advised her to work on this smart goal and she agreed on that. Generating Solution: For Nasrin consultant planned cognitive behaviour therapy for 6-12 weeks in which she has to continue her pharmacotherapy that means she has to continue her drugs prescribed by physician. She is advised for relaxation therapy and supportive psychotherapy for her anxiety problem. For relaxation therapy she has to do some relaxation techniques which helps in reducing tension of muscles and improving patients in general feeling of wellness and minimizes anxiety. Deep relaxation for 20-30 minutes reduces general anxiety, reduces the incidence and harshness of panic attacks. These techniques also good for sleeplessness and fatigue. It also increases self confidence and reduces the symptom of self blame (Bourne, 1995). In supportive psychotherapy, patient has to be supported for coping with stressors by many actions like carefully paying attention and cheering expressions regarding thoughts and feelings. Supporting the patient to understand the situation and its alternatives and trying to give a hope to patient (Douglas, 2008). Â   She has advised for some physiotherapy to support and tone up her lower abdominal muscles and keeps her body fit. Consultant advised Nasrin some preferred solutions for her problem. She has advised to do early morning yoga for half an hour. Then after her breakfast she is advised to visit local library for reading books on biographies. And coming back to home relax for some time and do some household works and after lunch go out for shopping and start socialising with friends and neighbours. In the evening watch tele with her parents. After dinner chat for some time with parents. Before going to bed while listening music try to write her biography. She has to follow the same till her next visit. After all these visits Nasrin is quiet satisfied and relaxed. Her episodes of pain are reducing day by day.

Internet Censorship is Needed Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Internet Censorship is Needed During the past forty years, over a thousand studies have been conducted on the effects of film and television violence.   This research concluded that media violence, which includes television and movies, contributes to violence in the real world.   According to The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), one expert concluded, "To argue against it is like arguing against gravity." What have been potential effects of this media violence?   Below are some statistics produced by DOJ Statistics from the United States Department of Justice ("DOJ"): *  Ã‚   2.8 million juveniles were arrested in 1997.   Out of these, there were 2,500 murder arrests and 121,000 arrests for other types of violent crimes *  Ã‚   "Juveniles accounted for 19% of all arrests, 14% of murder arrests, and 17% of all violent crime arrests." - (Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 1999) *  Ã‚   There has been a 49% increase in the number of juvenile violent crime arrests between 1988 and 1997. *  Ã‚   18% of high school students carry weapons on a regular basis. *  Ã‚   9% of ...

Cell Cycle Essay

cell growth, normal functions What occurs in G1 in the cell cycle? Cell cycle What is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide? G1 What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called? interphase During what stage does the G1,S,and G2 phases happen? Mitosis During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur? Mitosis During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur? S (synthesis) During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? G1 During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow? G2 During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis? 4 How many stages are there in mitosis? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Put the following stages of mitosis in order: anaphase, prophase, metaphase, and telophase G1, S, G2, M Put the following stages of the cell cycle in order: G2, S, G1, M Cell grows, DNA replication, cell prepares for mitosis, cell division Put the following actions in order: DNA replication, cell grows, cell division, cell prepares for mitosis. For efficiency, the process would take too long if it was bigger Explain why cells don’t just continue to grow larger as organisms grow larger. Why do cell divide? (Write in complete sentences) DNA replication What occurs in S phase of the cell cycle? cell prepares for mitosis What occurs in G2 phase of the cell cycle? cell division What occurs in M phase of the cell cycle? nuclear membrane disapears, spindle fibers form chromosomes condense What occurs in prophase phase of the cell cycle? chromosomes line up at equater What occurs in metaphase phase of the cell cycle? sister chromatids pull apart What occurs in anaphase phase of the cell cycle? chromosomes have separated/ ribosomes begin to form What occurs in telophase phase of the cell cycle? Interphase- G, S, G2 normal cell growth/prep for division Missing from this are Interphase and Cytokinesis. What are they, and when do they occur? (Interphase) physical splitting of the cell Missing from this are Interphase and Cytokinesis. What are they, and when do they occur? (Cytokinesis) D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): cells at end of mitosis H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): cells at end of meiosis D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): liver cell H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): sperm H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): egg D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): skin cell H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): gamete D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): somatic (body) cell 1 copy of every cell What is a haploid? 2 copies of every cell What is a diploid? 46, 23 Human cells: diploid # ____ haploid #_____ 1. crossing over/ mixing DNA from parents 2. produce gamets Explain how meiosis increases genetic diversity in 2 different ways: 2 # cells produced in Mitosis 4 # cells produced in Meiosis replace cells+get bigger Reasons for occurrence in Mitosis making gametes for sexual reproduction Reasons for occurrence in Meiosis 1 # of divisions in Mitosis 2 # of divisions in Meiosis no Includes crossing over (Y/ N) Mitosis yes Includes crossing over (Y/ N) Meiosis somatic Kind of cells using it (Mitosis) gamets Kind of cells using it (Meiosis)

Title Barchester Towers

Allow me to quote Dr. Grantly’s statement on honest men squabbling for money. This is unfortunate since in the light of this question and in reference to the context of the basis of the question in question, the squabble for money and power involves men of God. Church men who are believed by many people and more especially the clergy’s converts to be people of virtue and honest. The contrary is that, they are the ones involved in this conflict of the struggle to ascend to the leadership of the diocese in question.I totally concor with Dr.  Grantly’s opinion and so as Trollope’s endorsement. The squabble amongst the clergy men in the Church bestrays the very trust bestowed to men of Church by the society. The Church should be the center of peace order and honesty. Anything short of this is the very opposite of the way things should happen. OTHER AMBITIONS Apart from the squabbling for the Church leadership, there is also rivalry for the control of Hirams hospital. The ambitions Mr. Hope does not only run much of the proudies official businesses but also aspire to take over the Hirams hospital.This is a show of selfishness since he wants to grab anything at his disposal. He further goes ahead to Marry not necessarily to have a family but the rich lady who will bring wealth to him. This is what we call falling in love in disguise for his love with lady he married lands him into scandals until his undoing restores peace among the people in the diocese. The ambition is to marry someone is encouraged if it is not motivated by other uteria motives. The ambition of ascending to power is also positive since if the world lacked ambition people, it would not produce its leaders.Any one will approve of positive ambition. Grantly’s ambition to take over leadership of the Church is acceptable before the eyes of people who are for the truth and justice. The appointment of proudies is a disappointment to the people who are for the truth. Th e war of ideas between Mr. Slope and his rivals on who has the right to run Hirams hospital is an act of selfishness and shame in the Church and the society as a whole. In this case who is who is not what matters, what matters is who is just. THE HONEST MANThe honest man in the Barchester tower is Archdeacon Grantly . According to Trollope, he is the person who by the virtue of the tradition of the church, he is the heir and the next to take over the leadership of the diocese if everything were to go as stipulated by the law of the Church. The contrast comes when Mr. Proudies is brought in by the Government to ran the affairs of the Church. It is also sad to learn that there are other people who control the state of affairs in the Church and he is only there as a rubber stamp.The above example is one of the many leaders in the world who own their political offices not because the quality to own or ran them but because they are puppets of some well connected power brokers. A good exa mple are Mr. Slope and Mrs. Proudie. Mr. Proudie is unlikely to deliver since his service must be directed to his proxys, political God fathers and mother. Another negative aspect of this kind of a leader is that, he might be installed in an office which he is not experienced to run which might inhabit. This delivery of required of him by the society concerned.Honest people are the least popular with the mass. This is because he may not agree with the view of the majority behavioural aspect that might make him popular. This very sad, since Grantly should have been the right choice for the post of the Bishop but he lost it to proudie since he was not well connected with the politicians. This could have been simply due to his stand on justice and being fair to all which is what the corrupt people would not accept. Then if this is the case, do we allow corrupt people control and rule the world? However, we cannot give all the credit to Mr.Grantly since his own weakness. As a son of Bis hop he grew up with the opinion that he has the monopoly of knowledge as pertains to a running of church affairs, now that he is a heir to his father Bishop his strong opinion are unbending attitude makes him a conservative and a figure representing the Church traditions. He fails to understand world keeps on changing and she should accept to change with it, and that he lived in a society that is dynamic. For that reason he is likely to fall out with people who have modern ideas like Mr.Slope and the sister in- law Eleanor Bold. CHARACTER The character of Mr. Slope and Mr. Arabins desires for the worldly comforts is portrayed negatively. Meangiful comfort can only be realized once someone acquires wealth out of his own sweating. Any short cut or unwanted inheritance as of Eleanor’s case does not guarantee comfort since the consequences haunts the person concern since ones conscience will also remind the person concerned of the unfair ways he dreprived the person of his rights e. g. inheritance. How ever, Mr. Hardings refusal to take over of the deanery is reasonable.This is because being a righteous person would not accept to the associated with corrupt people in the Church. He is also aware of the external political forces running the Church and as such he fears to be compelled to do what he knows its not right before the eyes of God and men. So the relationship between the honest and the wicked is bad as expected. There is no way a honest person will share and agree with the wicked. However we can not deny the fact Dr. Hardings is the Father – in – law to Mr. Grantly and there is no doubt that he shares the same segment with his son in – law Mr. Grantly.We can say that he is also a conservative. We can not also rule out his opposition to the marriage of his daughter Eleanor Bold to Mr. Slope. The fact that Mr. Slope is a close associate of Mr. Proudie who is now the current Bishop and Mrs. Proudie whom they share ideas and house, it is apparent that the two parties have different attitudes towards each other. Grantly’s attitudes towards Eleanor Bold his sister in –law and Mr. Slope are extreme and rigid. He is a one man who would not admit mistakes and he looks at other people as being on the wrong him right. That is why on the other hand Mr.Slope and his associates regard Mr. Grantly as old , out dated old fashioned conservative The honest person will want to use a clear way that would be approved by the men of justice. A wicked person on the contrary, cares not what people would think or say about him but its achievements. It doesn’t matter to him that in the course of action towards the achievements of its goals, someone was hurt on the way or not provided he achieves what he wanted. That’s why the likely of Grantly and other honest people in the church do feature much in the struggle for possession of power.That’s why the author Trollope write to side with Mr. Grant. Pe ople like Mr. Slope, Mr. Arabin are driven by a burning desire of the worldly posses for the worldly possession and comforts, and that’s why their ends is a big disgrace to them and their families. A good name is better than wealth something they fail to understand and history will judge them. The white people say that â€Å" Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely† so the coming in of the politicians in the said squabble for money in the Church not only indoctrinate the politicians but also the church men like Mr.Slope. Charlotte, Stanhope and Madeleine Neroni’s to Bertie’s situation is another very amusing act of people who are acting in the middle of a big controversy . The two characters are close associates of Bertie yet their approach to us are problems leaves a lot to be desired. CONCLUSION In relation to the Church situation today and in reference to the character mentioned earlier in the analysis, it is apparent that the uprightness is lacking the Church and the struggle for power has killed the very trust the church used to enjoy in the past .There are a few honest men and women in Church, but the majority are people out to achieve their ambitions gains. Let the Church stands its ground and route not this vice if it hopes to restore its lost Glory. The government also should keep off the affairs of the Church. A church is a define place with the obligation of providing for refuge and consolation of the heartbroken but not a den of thieves as Jesus puts it when he met people doing business in the Solomon’s temple in Jesuralem. Opportunists should also not seek their lack in the Church as with some of the clergy men today.However when the old fashioned clergy men like Mr. Grantly becomes so rigid with the old ideas, conflicts in the Church from the young generation are eminent . So anything good pertaining to the history and the tradition of the Church should be passed on to the new generation with cauti on and wisdom. Therefore it is seems apparent that somehow Mr. Grantly and the like in the Church should seek for dialogue if the Church glory has to be maintained. Such weaknesses as with the clergy today gives room to the young invading the church and overturning the tablesThey go to work in the Church not with a call to serve the people of God but to earn for their living just like people in any other business. Such people have destroyed the good reputation of the Church. The government and politicians should be warned not poke their noses in the Church affairs least God will punish them for interfering with and destroying the directions and good name of the Church. The two can’t be married let the church be left to the clergy and politics and to the politicians. WORK CITED. ? Barchester Towers by Trollope 1847 ? The writers collections experience

Functions of a Job Description

Functions of a Job Description Job analysis is the foundation of a well-articulated job description that is crucial when recruiting new employees and carrying out performance appraisals for current employees. Job analysis is useful when identifying the attributes of the job viz. general, functional, physical, and education attributes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Functions of a Job Description specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The human resources managers use job analysis to identify the general attributes of the job such as the title of the position, location, department, division, and pay grade. General attributes provide an overview of what the job entails and where it will be, by stating the exact location, division and department of job. Job analysis helps human resource managers in identifying the functional attributes of the job. Functional attributes determine the responsibilities that an employee in a specified position should perform t o meet the requirement of the job satisfactorily. It helps to emphasize on the purpose of the job, which helps to avoid confusion during the orientation period after recruiting new employees, which is a contributing factor to employee turnover. Functional attributes also determine the chain of command and in return chain of command establishes whom the employee in a position is answerable. It also establishes employees in lower positions who report to the individual in the position. Job analysis determines the education, skills, and experience required by a candidate for a given job in order to carry out the job effectively and efficiently. It helps managers to determine the educational level or equivalent appropriate qualification for the job and previous work background. Job analysis also establishes the skills that a potential candidate must possess to suit the job requirements. Moreover, job analysis helps to determine the physical attributes required for the position including age, gender, height, weight, and other physical characteristics. Some jobs require general physical attributes while others require an individual with specific physical characteristics that are crucial to perform the job effectively. Job description is useful during recruitment and selection of new employees. It provides information that determines the selection criteria, informs candidates on the nature of the job, and ensures the orientation of new employees is successful (Fowler 2). Job description helps human resources manager to determine the expected results for a position during performance management.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It helps in determining appropriate measures for measuring performance when carrying out performance appraisal to identify training needs for individual employees. This helps when reprimanding employees who are not performing th eir duties and responsibilities as expected. It also helps in recognizing and promoting employees whose performance is excellent. Moreover, job description plays a critical role when deciding how to tailor compensation and reward packages for the organization’s employees. When the organization is using monetary rewards to motivate its employees, the job descriptions is useful in evaluating performance of individual employees and hence determines which employees deserve rewards. A job description articulates the responsibilities for a position as well as the pay grade for the position. These are critical factors when calculating the pay commensurate for the position in the industry. This assists the organization in case an employee decides to institute legal proceedings against the organization for low pay. The job description also provides the skills, educational level, experience, and physical attributes for a position in the organization. It acts as a defense for the organi zation in case an applicant institutes legal proceeding against the organization for discrimination during recruitment and selection process. Fowler, Alan. Writing job descriptions. London: CIPD Publishing, 2003. Print.